On the Energy Efficiency Potential of Multi-Actuated Electric Vehicles
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology(2024)
摘要
The literature shows increasing interest in the energy efficiency aspects of electric vehicles with multiple actuators, e.g., capable of individual wheel torque and rear-wheel-steering control, and proposes controllers considering the relevant vehicle power losses. However, the available studies lack systematic analyses on: i) the energy saving potential of the individual actuation methods, and their combinations; and ii) the operating conditions in which a set of actuators is particularly effective in reducing power consumption. This paper targets the identified gap. After providing background on the relevant power losses, three forms of actuation, i.e., torque-vectoring through two or four electric powertrains, active suspensions for front-to-total anti-roll moment distribution control, and rear-wheel-steering, are explored through a set of simulations in quasi-steady-state conditions, by using an experimentally validated high-fidelity non-linear vehicle model. The analysis covers a range of vehicle speeds, longitudinal and lateral accelerations, and tire-road friction conditions, and determines: a) the most energy-efficient understeer characteristics, i.e., the loci of the front steering angle as a function of lateral acceleration providing the minimum power consumption, for each set of actuators; b) the energy-efficient actuations for achieving given understeer characteristics; and c) the power consumption penalty of each considered configuration with respect to the one with the complete set of actuators.
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关键词
electric vehicle,energy efficiency,torque-vectoring,active suspensions,rear-wheel-steering,two- and four-wheel-drive,understeer characteristic,control allocation
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