Differential DHA and EPA Levels in Women with Preterm and Term Births: A Tertiary Hospital Study in Indonesia

Background: Preterm birth is one of the main causes of neonatal death worldwide. One strategy focused on preventing preterm birth is the administration of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy. Omega-3 LCPUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential in metabolic and physiological processes during embryonic and fetal development. This study aimed to compare DHA and EPA levels in 44 women with preterm births and 44 women with term births at a tertiary hospital in West Java Province, Indonesia, between November 2022 and March 2023. Material/Methods: A total of 88 patients in this study consisted of 44 patients with term births (337 gestational weeks) and 44 patients with preterm births (<37 gestational weeks) at a tertiary hospital in West Java Province, Indonesia. This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, maternal DHA and EPA levels were investigated. IBM SPSS 24.0 was used to statistically measure outcomes. Results: Average maternal DHA and EPA levels in patients with preterm births were significantly lower than those in term births. Preterm labor risk was further increased by DHA levels of <= 5.70 g/mL (OR=441.00, P=0.000) and EPA levels <= 3971.54 mu g/mL (OR=441.00, P=0.000). Conclusions: Since the average maternal DHA and EPA levels were significantly lower in patients with preterm births, adequate intake of omega-3 LCPUFA in early pregnancy and consistency with existing nutritional guidelines was associated with a lower risk of preterm delivery for pregnant women.