Floristic diversity and ecological characteristics of weeds in irrigated agro-system with a Mediterranean climate

Over the past century, rapid development, anthropogenic impacts, and chemical weed control have driven the transformation of agricultural systems in arid and semi-arid areas. However, comprehensive research remains scarce on the phytodiversity and ecology of weed flora within these regions, specifically in agroecosystems like Morocco's irrigated Doukkala plain belonging to the Mediterranean area. In light of this knowledge gap, the present study aimed to investigate and characterize weeds' floristic diversity and ecological attributes within the Doukkala plain agroecosystem. To achieve this, a stratified-random vegetation sampling method was employed. The study encompassed a total of 197 sites, serving as representatives of weed species found in the area. Through the study, a noteworthy assemblage of 125 species, originating from 81 different genera and 30 distinct families, was documented. Among the families, Asteraceae exhibited dominance with 27 species (21.60