Preparation of limonin monoclonal antibody and establishment of a sensitive icELISA for analyzing limonin in citrus and herbal samples

Limonin is an intensely bitter and highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoid secondary metabolite, which is abundant in the Rutaceae and Meliaceae, especially in Citrus. In order to detect limonin content in complex substrates such as citrus and traditional Chinese medicine, monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing limonin were prepared and an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) was 5.40 ng/mL and the linear range was 1.25-23.84 ng/mL. The average recoveries from citrus peel and pulp samples were 95.9%-118.8% and 77.5%-113.1%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of limonin in 6 citrus samples and 4 herbal samples were analyzed by icELISA and UPLCMS, and the results of the two methods were consistent. This validation is sufficient to demonstrate that the developed immunoassay is applicable for the detection of limonin in citrus and herbal samples and has the advantage of high efficiency, sensitivity, and convenience.