Two dimensional solvothermal synthesis via ultrasound (2D-STSUS) of fluorescent tungsten-doped hBN nanosheets for the selective detection of cancer markers

We propose an ultrasensitive and cost-effective novel fluorometric approach for effective detection of cysteamine/cancer marker. The synthesis of the 2D nanomaterial is accomplished via the solvothermal process using the ultrasound system which is termed as the two dimensional solvothermal synthesis of ultrasound (2D-STSUS). 2D Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a promising material for sensing applications due to its exceptional properties likebroad bandgap and high thermal stabilitymakes it ideal for application in a wide range of sensors and biosensors. Since hBN cannot effectively absorb or emit light because of broad band gap, it cannot produce fluorescence. On the contrary, using W-doped hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (hBNW), we were able to successfully increase the method's selectivity, sensitivity, and easy usage by fusing the unique properties of W metal with hBN. For the first time, hBNW nanosheets exhibited a clear blue color transition and were effectively employed to detect varied levels of cysteamine in human urine and aqueous samples. When combined with hBNW nanosheets, cysteamine has excellent outcomes among other drugs and neurotransmitters. The linearity value R2 = 0.9991 for aqueous was observed in the range of 1 nM to 28 nM and the detection limit was 0.0936 nM under ideal conditions. Additionally, quantification tests were conducted on human serum and urine samples for real sample analysis, yielding R2 values of 0.9961 and 0.9958, respectively.