Recent progress on efficient perovskite ceramic anodes for high-performing solid oxide fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with high energy-conversion efficiency and high fuel flexibility play crucial roles in the low-carbon hydrogen economy, being faced with two main difficulties of carbon deposition and sulfur poison in conventional Ni-based cermet anodes. Perovskite oxides stand out to be a new generation of high-performing anode materials due to their high mixed-ionic-electronic conductivity, efficient fuel-oxidation electrocatalytic activity, and growing carbon-coking/sulfur-poison resistance but still suffer from the structural and performing instability. In recent years, B-site doping is recognized as one of advanced strategies for achieving high-durability perovskite anodes of high-temperature SOFCs, which is rapidly developing. Here, we summary the effects of several common B-site doping elements (Cr, Sc, Ti, Nb, and Mo) on the performance of perovskite anodes, and review the B-site doping strategies for perovskite anodes of high-temperature SOFCs. A variety of elements are introduced to stabilize the perovskite structure in the fuel-cell operating environments after B-site doping, and the improvement and deficiency of these element doping on various aspects of anode performance are discussed. By symmetrically comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these element doping, we point out the developing directions of high-temperature fuel-cell perovskite anodes in the future.