A Retrospective Analysis from Western Romania Comparing the Treatment and Survivability of p16-Positive versus p16-Negative Oropharyngeal Cancer

Simple Summary: The recent increase in oropharyngeal cancer cases in Western countries prompted this research, which focuses on evaluating the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the incidence of this cancer type in Romania. This study employed p16 overexpression as a biomarker to distinguish HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers from those attributed to other etiologies, like smoking and alcohol consumption. Comparative analysis of treatment responses revealed a markedly improved prognosis in patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal cancers, underscoring the significance of HPV in the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of these malignancies. Background: Oropharyngeal cancer is a global health concern due to its multifaceted nature. Recent molecular studies have linked p16 overexpression, associated with the human papillomavirus, to oropharyngeal cancer and its prognostic implications. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study in Western Romania examined 60 patients, categorizing them based on p16 biomarker status: 28 were p16 positive, and 32 were p16 negative. Statistical tests, including Fisher's exact and chi2, were used for analysis. Results: Patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer exhibited a better prognosis (3-year survival, p = 0.0477; midtreatment, p = 0.0349) and reported lower alcohol (p = 0.0046) and tobacco (p < 0.0001) use. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of p16 testing in oropharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis. It suggests modifying treatment approaches based on p16 status and underscores the differing prognoses associated with p16-positive and p16-negative cases.