Lentil protein isolate (Lens culinaris) subjected to ultrasound treatment combined or not with heat-treatment: structural characterization and ability to stabilize high internal phase emulsions

This study evaluated the effect of ultrasound treatment combined or not with heat treatment applied to lentil protein isolate (LPI) aiming to enhance its ability to stabilize high internal phase emulsions (HIPE). LPI dispersion (2%, w/w) was ultrasound-treated at 60% (UA) and 70% (UB) amplitude for 7 min; these samples were subjected to and then heat treatments at 70 degree celsius (UAT70 and UBT70, respectively) or 80 degree celsius (UAT80 and UBT80, respectively) for 20 min. HIPEs were produced with 25% untreated and treated LPI dispersions and 75% soybean oil using a rotor-stator (15,500 rpm/1 min). The LPI dispersions were evaluated for particle size, solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, electrophoresis, secondary structure estimation (circular dichroism and FT-IR), intrinsic fluorescence, surface hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl groups content. The HIPEs were evaluated for droplet size, morphology, rheology, centrifugal stability, and the Turbiscan test. Ultrasound treatment decreased LPI dispersions' particle size (similar to 80%) and increased solubility (similar to 90%). Intrinsic fluorescence and surface hydrophobicity confirmed LPI modification due to the exposure to hydrophobic patches. The combination of ultrasound and heat treatments resulted in a reduction in the free sulfhydryl group content of LPI. HIPEs produced with ultrasound-heat-treated LPI had a lower droplet size distribution mode, greater oil retention values in the HIPE structure (> 98%), lower Turbiscan stability index (< 2), and a firmer and more homogeneous appearance compared to HIPE produced with untreated LPI, indicating higher stability for the HIPEs stabilized by treated LPI. Therefore, combining ultrasound and heat treatments could be an effective method for the functional modification of lentil proteins, allowing their application as HIPE emulsifiers.