Electron heating at quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks: adiabatic vs non-adiabatic 

The mechanism of electron heating across collisionless shocks remains an open question. The mechanisms suggested to address this problem revolve around the adiabatic or the non-adiabatic\stochastic dynamics of electrons across the shock. In this letter, we analyze the evolution of the electron velocity distribution function observed across 313 shocks with 1.7更多