Performance of SK-Gd's Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System
The Astrophysical Journal(2024)
Abstract
Among multi-messenger observations of the next galactic core-collapse
supernova, Super-Kamiokande (SK) plays a critical role in detecting the emitted
supernova neutrinos, determining the direction to the supernova (SN), and
notifying the astronomical community of these observations in advance of the
optical signal. On 2022, SK has increased the gadolinium dissolved in its water
target (SK-Gd) and has achieved a Gd concentration of 0.033
enhanced neutron detection capability, which in turn enables more accurate
determination of the supernova direction. Accordingly, SK-Gd's real-time
supernova monitoring system (Abe te al. 2016b) has been upgraded. SK_SN Notice,
a warning system that works together with this monitoring system, was released
on December 13, 2021, and is available through GCN Notices (Barthelmy et al.
2000). When the monitoring system detects an SN-like burst of events, SK_SN
Notice will automatically distribute an alarm with the reconstructed direction
to the supernova candidate within a few minutes. In this paper, we present a
systematic study of SK-Gd's response to a simulated galactic SN. Assuming a
supernova situated at 10 kpc, neutrino fluxes from six supernova models are
used to characterize SK-Gd's pointing accuracy using the same tools as the
online monitoring system. The pointing accuracy is found to vary from
3-7^∘ depending on the models. However, if the supernova is closer than
10 kpc, SK_SN Notice can issue an alarm with three-degree accuracy, which will
benefit follow-up observations by optical telescopes with large fields of view.
MoreTranslated text
Key words
Core-collapse supernovae,Supernova neutrinos,Particle astrophysics
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