Insight into the improvement mechanism of gel properties of pea protein isolate based on the synergistic effect of cellulose nanocrystals and calcium ions

Here, the influence and potential mechanism by which cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) collaborated with Ca2+ enhancing the heat-induced gelation of pea protein isolate (PPI) were investigated. It was found that the combination of 0.45% CNC and 15 mM Ca2+ synergistically increased the gel strength (from 14.18 to 65.42 g) and viscoelasticity of PPI while decreased the water holding capacity. The improved particle size, turbidity, and thermostability as well as the reduced solubility, crystallinity, and gel porosity were observed in CNC/CaCl2 composite system. CNC fragments bind to specific amino acids in 11S legumin and 7S vicilin mainly through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. Moreover, changes in the protein secondary structure and enhancement of the molecular interaction induced by CNC and Ca2+ could favor the robust gel network. The results will provide a new perspective on the functional regulation of pea protein and the creation of pea protein gel-based food.