A new climate and surface mass balance product for the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet using RACMO2.4.

Recent progress in parameterizations of surface and atmospheric processes have led to the development of a major update of the polar version of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.4.1). Here, we present a new high-resolution climate and surface mass balance product by applying RACMO2.4.1 to the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet for the historical period (starting in 1960 and 1945, respectively). In addition, RACMO output is now available for the first time on a pan-Arctic domain, starting in 1980. We assess these products by comparing model output of the surface mass balance and its components and the near-surface climate with in-situ and remote sensing observations, and study differences with the previously operational RACMO iteration, RACMO2.3p2.  Among other changes, RACMO2.4.1 includes new and updated parameterizations related to surface and atmospheric processes. Most major updates are part of the physics package of cycle 47r1 of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which is embedded in RACMO2.4.1. This includes updates to the cloud, radiation, convection, turbulence, aerosol and lake scheme. Other major changes are directly related to the cryosphere, such as the introduction of a new spectral albedo and radiative transfer scheme for glaciated snow, fixes to the snow drift scheme, a new multilayer snow scheme for seasonal snow and an updated ice mask. These updates lead to changes in the near-surface climate. For example, the horizontal transport of snow that is present in the atmosphere leads to a redistribution of snowfall. Furthermore, the spatial resolution for the Antarctic domain is increased to 11 km, which is also used for the pan-Arctic domain, while 5.5 km is used for Greenland. Here, we also discuss the impact that aforementioned changes have on the climate of the polar regions and the surface mass balance and its components of the ice sheets.