4000 Sols on Mars - A Long-term Study of Radiation Variations

The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) onboard the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover is the first-ever instrument continuously monitoring energetic particles on the surface of Mars. Since the rover's landing on August 6, 2012, RAD has accumulated valuable data, providing an unprecedented opportunity to assess the radiation environment across a solar cycle on an another planet.Understanding the radiation environment on Mars is crucial for a more accurate assessment of the risks posed to manned future space missions. Moreover, it also serves to further investigate planetary conditions, properties of the Sun, and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs).  The radiation field on the surface of Mars primarily consists of charged particles, including primary GCRs propagating to the Martian surface and secondary particles generated through the interaction of primary GCRs with the Martian atmosphere or soil. Furthermore, it undergoes temporal changes caused by factors such as atmospheric pressure variations due to thermal tides, seasonal changes, geographical and topographical shielding effects, heliospheric modulation of GCRs, as well as Martian soil and subsurface conditions. Considering all these factors is essential for a comprehensive description of the radiation environment.  Here we utilize the extensive RAD dataset spanning the last 11 years to delve into the intricate variations in particle flux. Our analysis encompasses a diverse array of particle species, providing a comprehensive understanding of how particle flux evolves over the course of one complete solar cycle. This extended time frame allows us to capture and analyze long-term trends, offering valuable insights into the dynamic nature of particle interactions within the Martian environment. By exploring the temporal patterns of particle flux across different species, we aim to contribute to a more nuanced comprehension of the complex radiation dynamics on Mars and its implications for future space missions and potential habitation.  Additionally, we endeavored to understand the impacts of subsurface composition on the Martian surface radiation field, particularly in generating additional upward particles. This investigation is significant as it contributes to the exploration of potential subsurface water content on the surface of Mars.