Soil chemistry and hydrophobicity caused by four 2021-22 western U.S. megafires.

In the past decade, the size, frequency, and severity of wildfires have increased around the world, especially in forests of the western United States, where ecosystems are dominated by dry conifer forests. It is known that fires can greatly affect not only air quality, climate, forest, and fauna, but also soil. The heat from fires can alter soil chemistry and change soil water repellency (SWR). SWR can reduce soil infiltration, which can increase surface runoff, erosion, and the potential for flooding and mud and debris slides. The increased frequency and intensity of western U.S. wildfires due to the rapidly changing climate poses an important question: What are the short- and long-term effects of wildfires on soil’s hydrologic responses, including SWR, and what is the role of fire-induced chemistry in SWR? In the summer and fall of 2021 and 2022, there were four mega-wildfires (Caldor, Dixie, Beckwourth Complex, and Mosquito) in the Eastern Sierra Nevada mountains (California, USA). These wildfires provided us an opportunity to collect post-fire soil and ash samples and study the effects of fires on the physical and chemical properties of soils. We collected over 80 samples and performed multiple water-droplet penetration time (WDPT) tests in the field and, in the laboratory, apparent contact angle (ACA) measurements with the goniometer technique. For all four fires, a significant increase in SWR was observed between unburned and burned soils, with WDPT increasing from <1 s to 600 s (maximum measured value) and ACA values increasing between 1.1 and 9 times (p-value < 0.001). Our WDPT and ACA measurements of the samples collected 6 months and 1 year after the 2021 megafires (Dixie, Caldor, and Beckwourth Complex megafires) showed no significant changes in SWR for unburned and burned soils. The chemical analysis of organic constituents of unburned and burned soils with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (thermogravimetry atmospheric pressure photoionization in combination with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry or TG APPI FT-ICR MS) suggests that burned soils became water-repellent due to the formation and/or deposition of aromatic organic species (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs) on the soil surface during fires. We found a positive correlation (R2 = 0.813) between the ACA values of analyzed fire-affected samples and aromaticity derived from the TG APPI FT-ICR MS spectra. These results of our research highlight the importance of future research on the chemical composition of post-fire soils and the need to study the long-term effects of fires on soil properties.