The Influence of Stratospheric Hydration from the Hunga Eruption on Chemical Processing in the Stratospheric Winter Polar Vortices

The January 2022 eruption of the undersea Hunga volcano injected an unprecedented amount of water vapor directly into the stratosphere. In this talk, we will use measurements of gas-phase constituents from Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) from CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) on CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) together with meteorological reanalyses to investigate how the extraordinary stratospheric hydration and accompanying anomalies in stratospheric temperature and circulation from Hunga affected chemical processing and ozone destruction in the polar lower stratosphere. We will focus on the Antarctic ozone hole season of 2023, when the excess moisture led to unusually early and vertically extensive PSC activity and heterogeneous chlorine activation (i.e., depleted HCl and enhanced ClO) in early winter. Although unmatched in the satellite record, the early-winter upper-level chlorine activation was insufficient to induce substantial ozone loss. Chlorine activation, denitrification, and dehydration processes saturated in midwinter, with trace gas evolution essentially following the climatological mean thereafter. Thus, despite the exceptional early-winter conditions, cumulative ozone losses in the 2023 austral spring were mostly unremarkable because stratospheric chemical processing saturated, as typically happens in the Antarctic. We will also discuss the 2022 Antarctic winter, when the Hunga plume was effectively excluded from the southern polar region by the strong transport barrier at the edge of the vortex. As a result, Hunga had little effect on either the vortex itself or the chemical processing and ozone loss that took place within it during the 2022 Antarctic winter/spring. Finally, we will touch briefly on the influence of Hunga on the 2023/2024 Arctic winter that will have just concluded.