Multi-analytical techniques used for characterization of the cosmetic residue in the Tang Dynasty

Make-up product has a long history in China and has a flourishing period during the Tang Dynasty (618A.D-907A.D). Recently, a late Tang tomb was excavated by archaeologists in Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province. During the excavation, an exquisite jade container inside the residue was unearthed. In order to gain complete information about the material of the residue, a scientific investigation was carried out. The analytical techniques of SEM-EDX, Raman Spectroscopy and Py-GC/MS were applied. Marker compounds of beeswax including a series of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols were found, indicating that beeswax exists in the residue. The detection of fluorinated compounds represents that musk was probably present in the sample. Furthermore, malachite and barite were also determined in the samples. According to the Chinese historical literature, it was recorded that beeswax mixed with musk was used as cosmetic cream to reduce inflammation and add fragrance. Interestingly, malachite and barite were probably used as pigments to achieve certain colors. The results demonstrate that the materials used in the cream and provide an example of cosmetic production in China during the Tang Dynasty, which further indicate the prosperity of the cosmetic industry of the Tang Dynasty.