NISQ Quantum Computing: A Security-Centric Tutorial and Survey [Feature]

Quantum computing (QC) demonstrates substantial theoretical promise in addressing classically intractable problems. Recent investments and advancements across QC system stacks, including hardware, software, and algorithms, underscore a pivotal shift from theoretical exploration to the practical realization of applications. Despite this progress, the prevailing emphasis has predominantly centered on performance enhancement, often overlooking security considerations. In response to this gap, our article presents a comprehensive tutorial and survey aimed at identifying and categorizing vulnerabilities inherent in quantum computing systems. Beginning with an overview encompassing essential principles, ecosystem components, and unique attributes in the quantum computing system stack, we also provide a summary of development resources to facilitate efficient initiation in this domain. Building on this foundational knowledge, we introduce a taxonomy of QC security organized by victim layer and security attack objectives. Utilizing this taxonomy as a guiding framework, the article delivers an extensive survey of the latest advancements in QC security, with the overarching goal of equipping the reader with a comprehensive understanding of quantum computing system principles and an informed awareness of diverse and dynamic QC security threats. The intention is to benefit both industry stakeholders and research communities, ultimately aiming to proactively identify and mitigate security concerns within QC systems, thereby establishing a robust foundation for secure quantum computing environments.