Enabling Factors for the Implementation of Competency-Based Curricula in Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy

Objective To review implementation drivers of competency-based pharmacy education (CBPE) and provide recommendations for enablers. Findings Competency-based education is an emerging model in the health professions focusing on time-variable competency development and achievement compared to a time-bound, course-based, traditional model. CBPE is an outcomes-based organized framework of competencies enabling pharmacists to meet healthcare and societal needs. However, challenges need to be recognized and overcome for successful implementation of CBPE. Competency drivers include defining the competencies and roles of stakeholders, developing transparent learning trajectories and aligned assessments, and establishing lifetime development programs for stakeholders. Organization drivers include developing support systems for stakeholders, facilitating connections between all educational experiences, and having transparent assessment plans, policies, and procedures that align with core CBPE precepts, including the sustainability of time-variability. Leadership drivers include establishing growth mindset and facilitating a culture of connection between workplace and educational environments, program advocacy by institutional leaders, accepting failures as part of the process, shifting the organizational culture away from learner differentiation towards competence, and maintaining sufficient administrative capability to support CBPE. Summary Successful implementation of CBPE involves enabling the competency, organization, and leadership drivers that will lead to program success. More research is needed in the areas of creation, implementation, and assessment of CBPE to determine success in this model. We have reviewed and provided recommendations to enable the drivers of successful implementation of CBPE.