Adjustment of Work-Rest Hours Records in the Shipping Industry: A Systematic Review

Introduction: The International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have established work-rest hours standards to regulate working time in shipping. However, research suggests that records maintained to demonstrate compliance with these standards are often falsified, undermining regulatory significance. To assess the scope and nature of the issue and to inform future research, previous studies have been reviewed. Methods: The systematic review synthesised 12 primary literature sources on the adjustment of work-rest hours records in the shipping industry. Using a four-step approach, the analysis focused on the included studies' design, sample, methodology and thematic characteristics. Results: The review highlights a widespread adjustment of work-rest hours records in the shipping industry. Persistent policy neglect has led to the development of advanced adjustment skills. Inadequate crewing levels, unenforceable recording systems and weak enforcement contribute to adjustment. Demonstrating regulatory compliance through adjustment has become an integral aspect of shipping culture. Seafarers resort to adjustment to cope with associated negative psychological experiences. Additionally, the review suggests the prevalence of qualitative research but notes a lack of input from shipping companies and enforcement agencies. Furthermore, inconsistent use of terminology to describe the phenomenon hampers effective interventions. Conclusion: Quantitative research on recording practices as well as inputs from shipping companies and enforcement agencies is required to capture more facets of this issue. Furthermore, this review calls for regulatory interventions that address crewing levels, recording systems and enforcement concerns. Finally, it proposes a cultural shift in the industry's approach to tackling deeply ingrained malpractice.