Standardization of teff (Eragrostis teff) injera making process conditions for better physicochemical and sensory quality

Injera is a type of flatbread that is fermented, naturally leavened, and native to Ethiopia. However, injera quality can vary depending on the processing steps used, even if the same variety of teff is used. This research was conducted to optimize the prebaking processing and baking conditions to produce better quality teff injera suitable for industrial and export purposes. Four experiments were conducted to optimize the injera-making process. The first two phases focused on optimizing the prebaking processing conditions (fermentation temperature and time, absit mixing ratio, absit cooking time, and secondary fermentation time). The best physicochemical qualities were obtained at a primary fermentation temperature of 25(degrees)C for 64 h, an 8% mixing ratio of absit with 10 min of cooking, and a secondary fermentation time of 4 h. In the third phase, baking temperature (195 +/- 5, 215 +/- 5, 235 +/- 5, and 255 +/- 5(degrees)C) and time (1, 2, and 3 min) were evaluated. The results showed that the best response variables were obtained at a temperature of 255 +/- 5(degrees)C for 2 min or 235 +/- 5(degrees)C for 3 min. Finally, the optimized conditions were validated on five different varieties [DZ-Cr-387, DZ-Cr-2124, white (T-BT), white (T-GK), and sergegna teff (T-E)] of teff grain. The results indicated that the optimized conditions could produce better quality and consistent teff injera on a large commercial scale, which would suit both local and export markets.