CK1 and CK1 Signaling Sustains Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cell Survival in Multiple Myeloma

CK1 delta and CK1 epsilon are attractive therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma whose expression increases with disease progression and connote poor outcomes, and that are necessary to sustain expression of genes directing OxPhos. Multiple myeloma remains an incurable malignancy due to acquisition of intrinsic programs that drive therapy resistance. Here we report that casein kinase-1 delta (CK1 delta) and CK1 epsilon are therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma that are necessary to sustain mitochondrial metabolism. Specifically, the dual CK1 delta/CK1 epsilon inhibitor SR-3029 had potent in vivo and ex vivo anti-multiple myeloma activity, including against primary multiple myeloma patient specimens. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolic analyses revealed inhibiting CK1 delta/CK1 epsilon disables multiple myeloma metabolism by suppressing genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), reducing citric acid cycle intermediates, and suppressing complexes I and IV of the electron transport chain. Finally, sensitivity of multiple myeloma patient specimens to SR-3029 correlated with elevated expression of mitochondrial genes, and RNA-seq from 687 multiple myeloma patient samples revealed that increased CSNK1D, CSNK1E, and OxPhos genes correlate with disease progression and inferior outcomes. Thus, increases in mitochondrial metabolism are a hallmark of multiple myeloma progression that can be disabled by targeting CK1 delta/CK1 epsilon.Significance: CK1 delta and CK1 epsilon are attractive therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma whose expression increases with disease progression and connote poor outcomes, and that are necessary to sustain expression of genes directing OxPhos.