Has human progress stagnated in recent decades? Evaluating Seligman's (2021) model of agency and its correlates using the MIDUS three-wave longitudinal study

Grounded in Seligman's tripartite model of agency, the authors developed the 10-item Agency Scale. Using data from three waves (1994-1996, 2004-2006, 2013-2014) of the MIDUS national longitudinal study, results from midlife adults (N = 2,717) supported a three-factor structure, corresponding to self-efficacy, future-minded planning (as a measure of optimism), and imagination. Evidence for measurement invariance, construct validity, and reliability was provided. The three subscales of the Agency Scale uniquely and positively predicted effort, persistence, generativity (as an indicator of innovation), and perceived progress. Supporting Seligman's hypothesis, sequential mediation analyses revealed that effort, persistence, and generativity significantly mediated the self-efficacy-perceived progress, future-minded planning-perceived progress, and imagination-perceived progress relations, respectively. Significant mean differences across three timepoints indicated an overall declining trend in scores of agency (including self-efficacy, future-minded planning, and imagination) and perceived progress. Collectively, these findings provide support for Seligman's tripartite model of agency.