Conversion of CO₂ into Glycolic Acid: A Review of Main Steps and Future Challenges

Exploring the potential of utilizing CO2 for commercial purposes is a promising opportunity, especially in light of the growing research efforts towards CO2 capture, storage, and utilization as well as green H-2 production. This review article delves into catalyst features and other technological aspects of a plausible process for the indirect conversion of CO2 into glycolic acid, which involves the following steps: CO2 capture, water electrolysis, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, catalytic oxidation to formaldehyde, and formaldehyde carbonylation to glycolic acid. We adopt an industrial perspective to address this challenge effectively, thoroughly evaluating different processing alternatives with emphasis on the catalytic systems to optimize glycolic acid production performance.