Semi-quantum blind double signature scheme with semi-trusted arbitrator

In order to solve the security of electronic transactions on limited goods, some quantum blind double signature (QBDS) protocols were proposed. In existing QBDS protocols, all participants must have specific quantum computing capabilities. Realistically, high cost of quantum devices may hinder people from using the QBDS protocol. Therefore, we propose a semi-quantum arbitrator blind double signature (SQABDS) scheme. In this scheme, the sender (signer) and the receiver both are classical participants, which can relatively reduce the dependence on quantum hardware. The introduction of blind signers can protect the privacy of electronic transactions, the introduction of semi-trusted arbitrator can relax the strong assumption about the trustworthiness of the arbitrator, for the arbitrator cannot forge the signature. In addition, the SQABDS scheme can be used to sign classical messages directly without performing any quantum swapping tests or quantum gate operations. Finally, the analysis shows that our scheme is securer and its quantum cost is relatively lower.