Examining the Use of Public Transportation by Tourists in Ten European Capitals Through the Lens of Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Theory

This study examines tourists' use of public transportation through the lens of hierarchical leisure constraints theory. Drawing on data collected in 10 European capitals among 5,220 tourists, it aims to provide evidence supporting the relevance of the theory in this research domain, thereby deepening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tourists' use of public transportation. Except for the relationship between constraints and negotiation, all hypothesized relationships were statistically significant and aligned with the underlying theory. The multi-group analysis revealed, inter alia, a significant difference between cities with a high public transportation modal split and those with a low modal split in terms of the relationship between constraints and negotiation. Our research suggests that municipal authorities should proactively advocate for and invest in public transportation infrastructure. By prioritizing these modes of transportation, they contribute to a more responsible tourism landscape, preserving the authenticity and cultural richness of destinations for future generations.