The cancer/testis antigen HORMAD1 promotes gastric cancer progression by activating the NF-B signaling pathway and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Objectives: HORMAD1 is a cancer/testis antigen (CTAs) that regulates DNA homologous recombination, mismatch repair, and other tumor characteristics. However, its role and regulatory mechanisms in gastric cancer remain unclear. Methods: We performed transcriptomic profiling on seven gastric cancers and paired tissues; HORMAD1 was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer samples and was related to poor prognosis survival. Furthermore, cancer pathway microarray, bioinformatic analysis, western blot, and immunochemistry assay demonstrated that HORMAD1 affected the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Results: In vitro and vivo studies confirmed that HORMAD1 knockdown inhibited cell growth and invasion, whereas overexpression reversed these effects. Mechanistically, HORMAD1 regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process (EMT) via the NF-kappa B pathway by increasing the phosphorylation levels of NF-kappa B (p-65) and I kappa kappa-beta. Downstream target genes of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, such as c-Myc, CyclinD1, may be involved in HORMAD1-induced tumorigenesis in gastric cancer (GC). Conclusions: HORMAD1 plays an important role in gastric cancer progression and could be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.