Key parameters that affect the fatigue life of metal bellows-type expansion joint: Another look

Identifying and understanding the key parameters that influence the fatigue life of metal bellows-type expansion joints (metal bellows) enable designers and manufacturers to optimize performance, durability, and reliability and to develop design guidelines and manufacturing processes that could enhance fatigue resistance and ensure their reliable operation in real-world applications. The parameters that influence the fatigue life of metal bellows include the type of material and its properties, operating environment, type of expansion joint, temperature, stress/pressure, manufacturing/forming processes, geometry/construction, proper design, loading history, movement/deflection, vibration, and seismic activity. This comprehensive review covers the fatigue life literature, including concepts, guidelines, standards, assumptions, and the evolution of each parameter. Uniquely classifying parameters through thematic analysis, it guides manufacturers and users in optimizing metal bellows design, assessment, and risk mitigation. The review highlights overlooked insights in a user-friendly manner, prioritizing practical, easily fixable aspects for immediate application in the industrial setting.