Fusing consensus knowledge: A federated learning method for fault diagnosis via privacy-preserving reference under domain shift

Recently, federated fault diagnosis has garnered growing attention due to its promising capabilities in information fusion with privacy preservation. However, most of the existing approaches are based on the assumptions of no domain shift between multiple factories and no unseen domains for online applications. In actual industry, these assumptions are generally unsatisfied due to prominent environmental noises, mechanical wear, and changes in working conditions. Federated models that ignore domain shifts would face the negative aggregation problem and are not robust to unseen domains. To solve the domain shift problem, a federated domain generalization method is proposed for privacy -preserving fault diagnosis in this article. The key idea is to construct a sharable reference domain in cloud, which can convert the privacy -risky centralized alignment problem into a privacy -preserving pairwise alignment problem. Based on the recognition that any fault category in a discriminative feature space can be characterized by a particular position and volatility, we design a shareable domain generator to provide a reference for pairwise alignment. Then, the non -deterministic sampling and non -parametric alignment criterion are introduced to realize local domain alignment, which facilitates the domain -invariant feature extraction. Finally, by the alternation of local domain alignment and global reference synchronization, the alignment of multi -source domains is achieved implicitly. We give convergence guarantees for the proposed method and derive the generalization error bound of federated DG, which illustrates the positive effect of the proposed method on improving generalization. Experiments on two cases demonstrate the consistent superior generalization performance of our method without the risk of data leakage.