Effectiveness of nanoparticles in improving soil fertility and eco-friendly crop resistance: A comprehensive review

Agricultural productivity faces significant challenges due to global population growth, contributing to a worldwide food crisis. Various stressors such as fungi, bacteria, salinity, ozone, UV-Bradiation, drought, and metal toxicity further exacerbate yield losses. To address these issues, agricultural management employs diverse practices aimed at minimizing yield loss and environmental impact. In the pursuit of sustainable solutions, exogenous protectants, considered green technologies, play a crucial role in crop protection and nutrient management. Nanotechnology emerges as a promising green technology for soil fortification and enhancing agricultural production by activating nutrients and energy in plant cells. Nanoparticles find applications in the form of Nano fertilizers, Nano pesticides, and Nano fungicides, contributing to improved crop yields. A range of nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, gold, and silver, are currently utilised for soil fertility enhancement, nutrient management, and increased crop production. Moreover, nanoparticles demonstrate efficacy as remedies against both abiotic and biotic stresses, providing a comprehensive strategy for stress tolerance management. This review aims to assess the effectiveness and mechanisms of nanoparticles in enhancing soil fertility and promoting eco-friendly agricultural production. The insights gained from this study are pivotal for the development of environmentally friendly nanotechnologies, ultimately contributing to the mitigation of global food crises.