Human Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiome at 6 Months: Understanding the Interconnected Relationship

Background: Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to relate to the infant gut microbiome. However, the impact of other human milk components on infant gut bacterial colonization remains unexplored. Objectives: Our cross-sectional analysis aimed to investigate associations between human milk components (energy, macronutrients, free amino acids, inflammatory markers, and hormones) and infant gut microbiome diversity and composition (phylum, family, and genus) at 6 mo of age. Methods: Human milk and infant stool samples were collected at 6 mo postpartum. The infant gut microbiome was pro fi led using 16S rRNA sequencing. Linear regression models were performed to examine associations, adjusting for pregravid BMI (kg/m(2)), delivery mode, duration of human milk feeding, and infant sex, with q < 0.2 considered signi fi cant. Results: This analysis included a total of 54 mothers (100% exclusively feeding human milk) and infants (n = 28 male; 51.9%). Total energy in human milk showed a negative association with alpha-diversity measures (Chao1 and Shannon). Interleukin (IL)-8 in human milk was positively associated with Chao1 and observed operational taxonomic units. At the family level, human milk glutamine and serine levels showed a negative association with the abundance of Veillonellaceae, whereas isoleucine showed a positive association with Bacteroidaceae. Human milk IL-8 and IL-6 concentrations were positively associated with Bacteroidaceae abundance. IL-8 also had a positive relationship with Bi fi dobacteriaceae, whereas it had a negative relationship with Streptococcacea and Clostridiaceae. Human milk IL-8 was positively associated with the phylum Bacteroidetes, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria. At the genus level, human milk IL-8 exhibited a positive relationship with Bacteroides , whereas human milk isoleucine had a negative relationship with Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. Pregravid BMI and sex effects were observed. Conclusions: IL-8 in human milk could potentially prepare the infant ' s immune system to respond effectively to various microorganisms, potentially promoting the growth of bene fi cial gut bacteria and protecting against pathogens.