Degradation of carbamazepine in ice with bromate and nitrite: Role of reactive nitrogen species

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT(2024)

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摘要
Seasonal freezing of waters occurs during winter in cold regions. Bromate (BrO3-) is a disinfection by-product generated during water treatment, its interaction with emerging contaminants may be affected by freezing. Nitrite (NO2-) is widely distributed in the environment, whereas its effect on the interaction of emerging contaminants and BrO3- in ice may have been overlooked. Herein carbamazepine (CBZ) was selected as a model emerging contaminant to elucidate the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in contaminant transformation during the reduction of BrO3- by NO2- in ice. Results indicated that freezing significantly enhanced CBZ degradation by BrO3-. The CBZ degradation by BrO3- and NO2- in ice was 25.4 %-27.8 % higher than that by BrO3-. Contributions of hydroxyl radical (center dot OH), bromine radical (center dot Br), and RNS to CBZ degradation in freezing/ dark or sunlight systems were 8.1 % or 15.9 %, 25.4 % or 7.2 %, and 66.5 % or 76.9 %, respectively. Most CBZ was degraded by RNS generated during the reduction of BrO3- by NO2- in ice, resulting in 16.4 % of transformation products being nitro -containing byproducts. Hybrid toxicity of CBZ/BrO3-/NO2- system was reduced effectively after the freezing -sunlight process. This study can provide new insights into the environmental fate of emerging contaminants, BrO3-, and NO2- in cold regions.
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关键词
Emerging contaminant,Disinfection by-product,Ice,Nitrogen dioxide radical,Nitryl bromide
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