On-Site Melanoma Diagnosis Utilizing a Swellable Microneedle-Assisted Skin Interstitial Fluid Sampling and a Microfluidic Particle Dam for Visual Quantification of S100A1.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. The delay in treatment will induce metastasis, resulting in a poor prognosis and even death. Here, a two-step strategy for on-site diagnosis of MM is developed based on the extraction and direct visual quantification of S100A1, a biomarker for melanoma. First, a swellable microneedle is utilized to extract S100A1 in skin interstitial fluid (ISF) with minimal invasion. After elution, antibody-conjugated magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) are introduced. A high expression level of S100A1 gives rise to a robust binding between MMPs and PMPs and reduces the number of free PMPs. By loading the reacted solution into the device with a microfluidic particle dam, the quantity of free PMPs after magnetic separation is displayed with their accumulation length inversely proportional to S100A1 levels. A limit of detection of 18.7 ng mL-1 for S100A1 is achieved. The animal experiment indicates that ISF-based S100A1 quantification using the proposed strategy exhibits a significantly higher sensitivity compared with conventional serum-based detection. In addition, the result is highly comparable with the gold standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, suggesting the high practicality for routine monitoring of melanoma.