Exploring transdiagnostic stress and trauma-related symptoms across the world: a latent class analysis

Background: Although trauma exposure is universally prevalent, the ways in which individuals respond to potentially traumatic events vary. Between-country differences have been identified as affecting the development and manifestation of transdiagnostic psychological symptoms, but it remains unclear how stress and trauma-related transdiagnostic symptoms and risk patterns differ based on geographic region.Objective: To explore whether there are distinct classes of stress and trauma-related transdiagnostic symptoms and to determine predictors of class membership in a global sample.Method: Participants (N = 8675) from 115 different countries were recruited online between 2020-2022 and completed the Global Psychotrauma Screen, which assesses stress and trauma exposure, related symptoms, and risk factors. A latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes of stress and trauma-related symptoms per world region (African States, Asia-Pacific States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States, Western European and Other States, and North America) and the total sample. Likelihood of class membership was assessed based on demographics, characteristics of the potentially traumatic event, and potential risk factors across the world regions.Results: Similar class compositions were observed across regions. A joint latent class analysis identified three classes that differed by symptom severity (i.e. high, moderate, low). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed several factors that conferred greater risk for experiencing higher levels of symptoms, including geographic region, gender, and lack of social support, among others.Conclusions: Stress and trauma-related symptoms seem to be similarly transdiagnostic across the world, supporting the value of a transdiagnostic assessment. A latent class analysis of transdiagnostic stress and trauma-related symptoms in a global sample showed high, medium, and low symptom classes.Class compositions were similar across global geographic regions.Several factors were associated with high symptom class membership globally, including gender, geographic region, and lack of social support. Antecedentes: aunque la exposicion al trauma es universalmente prevalente, las formas en que los individuos responden a eventos potencialmente traumaticos varian. Se ha identificado que las diferencias entre paises afectan el desarrollo y la manifestacion de los sintomas psicologicos transdiagnosticos, pero permanece sin esclarecer como los sintomas transdiagnosticos y patrones de riesgo relacionados con el estres y el trauma difieren segun la region geografica.Objetivo: explorar si existen distintas clases de sintomas transdiagnosticos relacionados con el estres y el trauma y determinar predictores de pertenencia a una clase en una muestra global.Metodo: Participantes (N = 8.675) de 115 paises diferentes fueron reclutados en linea entre 2020 y 2022 y completaron la Evaluacion Global de Psicotrauma, que evalua la exposicion al estres y al trauma, los sintomas relacionados y los factores de riesgo. Se utilizo un analisis de clases latentes (LCA) para identificar clases de sintomas relacionados con el estres y el trauma por region del mundo (Estados de africa, Estados de Asia y el Pacifico, Estados de Europa del Este, Estados de America Latina y el Caribe, Estados de Europa Occidental y otros, y America del Norte) y la muestra total. La probabilidad de pertenecer a una clase se evaluo en funcion de la demografia, las caracteristicas del evento potencialmente traumatico y los posibles factores de riesgo en todas las regiones del mundo.Resultados: Se observaron composiciones de clases similares en todas las regiones. Un analisis conjunto de clases latentes identifico tres clases que diferian segun la gravedad de los sintomas (es decir, alta, moderada, baja). Los analisis de regresion logistica multinomial revelaron varios factores que conferian un mayor riesgo de experimentar niveles mas altos de sintomas, incluida la region geografica, el genero y la falta de apoyo social, entre otros.Conclusiones: Los sintomas relacionados con el estres y el trauma parecen ser igualmente transdiagnosticos en todo el mundo, lo que respalda el valor de una evaluacion transdiagnostica.