Evaluation of mosquitocidal, histopathological and non-target effect of botanical pesticides from Stemodia viscosa and their mixtures against immature stages of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus

Currently, mosquito control programs primarily rely on the utilization of chemically based insecticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the plant Stemodia viscosa Roxb. against the early life stages of Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The larvae, pupae and eggs of the mosquitoes were exposed to four different concentrations (62.5 to 500 ppm). After 120 h of treatment, the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of S. viscosa exhibited 100