Deep Learning Based CFO Estimation for Multi-User Massive MIMO With One-Bit ADCs

Low-resolution architectures represent a compelling and power-efficient approach for high-bandwidth communication in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this letter, we present a novel residual convolutional neural network (CNN) with recurrent neural network (RNN) called ResR model to tackle the carrier frequency offset (CFO) problem in multi-user massive MIMO with one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Leveraging the combined strengths of residual CNN and RNN, the ResR model can extract frequency-spatial characteristics of all users for CFO estimation. Moreover, it effectively addresses the vanishing gradient problem in CNN-based model while delivering superior accuracy with fewer parameters compared to exiting CNN or RNN models. Through extensive experimental evaluations, we consistently demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the ResR model in multi-user CFO estimation for one-bit ADCs massive MIMO.