Two-Factor Authentication for Keyless Entry System via Finger-Induced Vibrations

Keyless entry systems (KES) have become popular due to their high user-friendliness, while fingerprint and digital password authentication are two of the most widely used unlocking ways. However, current KES are vulnerable to security threats, such as fingerprint films that deceive fingerprint sensors and stolen passcodes. To address these issues, this paper presents ${\sf Fingerbeat}$ , a two-factor authentication system to defend the security risks of the current widely deployed KES devices. ${\sf Fingerbeat}$ combines original credentials, such as fingerprints and passcodes, with unique and persistent finger-induced vibrations to create a two-factor secure authentication model, while ensuring user-friendliness. ${\sf Fingerbeat}$ leverages the fact that each person's finger structure is distinct and can be represented in distinct vibration patterns. During authentication, FIV is triggered and embodied in the mechanical vibration of the force-bearing body (i.e., KES panel), which can be captured by a low-cost accelerometer. We develop a proof-of-concept prototype of ${\sf Fingerbeat}$ , extracting FIV features from mixed vibration recordings and eliminating the impacts of variable behaviors and external disturbance. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate its security and effectiveness.