Minimally invasive serial collection of cerebrospinal fluid reveals sex-dependent differences in neuroinflammation in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are the seventh leading cause of disability globally with 48.99 million prevalent cases and 7.08 million years lived with diability. Approximately 80% of TBI patients are diagnosed with mild TBI (mTBI), or concussion, caused by nonpenetrating mechanical trauma to the head or body along with sudden rotational motion of the head. Major distinctions between mTBI and more severe TBI include the absence of intracranial lesions, hemorrhages, and skull fractures in mTBI. Further, there are differences in the inflammatory response based on injury severity. While some overlap of the neuroinflammatory response across TBI severities is expected, studies investigating the temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation after mTBI and the sex-dependent differences are still needed as there have been many reported sex-dependent differences in mTBI. To fully understand the inflammatory response to TBI, it is vital to assay cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as it has been shown that CSF biomarkers such as MAP-2 enhance prognosis capabilities. The literature analyzing the CSF proteome over time after TBI is very limited, primarily due to the lack of a CSF collection method that is minimally invasive and enables serial collections. This study had three primary goals. First, we wanted to describe a method of minimally invasive serial CSF collection. The method described in this study can easily be adapted by any laboratory prepared for animal studies. Second, we wanted to confirm that serial collection of the CSF does not alter CSF protein levels. Of the 17 analytes we tested, 16 showed no difference between serial collection and single collection. Third, we wanted to establish a framework for assessing sex differences in neuroinflammation after a concussion. We showed that results vary based on the framing of the statistical test. However, it is evident that males experience a more robust inflammatory response to a single concussion than females. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.