The future of artificial intelligence in thoracic surgery for non-small cell lung cancer treatment a narrative review

Objectives To present a comprehensive review of the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in lung cancer management, spanning the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases.Methods A review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane, including relevant studies between 2002 and 2023 to identify the latest research on artificial intelligence and lung cancer.Conclusion While AI holds promise in managing lung cancer, challenges exist. In the preoperative phase, AI can improve diagnostics and predict biomarkers, particularly in cases with limited biopsy materials. During surgery, AI provides real-time guidance. Postoperatively, AI assists in pathology assessment and predictive modeling. Challenges include interpretability issues, training limitations affecting model use and AI's ineffectiveness beyond classification. Overfitting and global generalization, along with high computational costs and ethical frameworks, pose hurdles. Addressing these challenges requires a careful approach, considering ethical, technical, and regulatory factors. Rigorous analysis, external validation, and a robust regulatory framework are crucial for responsible AI implementation in lung surgery, reflecting the evolving synergy between human expertise and technology.