Diagnostic utility of point-of-care ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for papilloedema in children: a prospective pilot study

Background/Aims Papilloedema is an important sign of serious neurological disease, but it can be difficult to detect on funduscopy. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting papilloedema in children. Methods This was a prospective observational study at a tertiary care paediatric hospital. Patients were eligible for the study if they underwent a lumbar puncture with opening pressure and had high-quality POCUS and OCT imaging. Results A total of 63 eyes from 32 patients were included in the study, 41 (65%) with papilloedema and 22 (35%) without. There were statistically significant differences between the groups in the optic disc elevation (ODE) (p<0.001) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) (p<0.001) on POCUS, and in the average retinal nerve fibre layer (rNFL) thickness on OCT (p<0.001). Average rNFL thickness had the highest diagnostic accuracy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.999 and a 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity for papilloedema (threshold value of >= 108 m). ODE had an AUC of 0.866 and a 93% sensitivity and 55% specificity (threshold value of >= 0.5 mm). ONSD had an AUC of 0.786 and a 93% sensitivity and 45% specificity (threshold value of >= 5.5 mm). Conclusion Both OCT and POCUS are potentially useful tools to help diagnose papilloedema in children. Larger studies are needed to further define the role and accuracy of POCUS and OCT in assessing papilloedema in children.