Combining field experiments under an agrivoltaic system and a kinetic fruit model to understand the impact of shading on apple carbohydrate metabolism and quality

Shading with dynamic agrivoltaic (AV) could be a solution to mitigate the effects of climate change but their impact on the fruit quality has not been reported. Apple metabolism and quality were evaluated in a dynamic AV system in a mature ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard in the south of France (2019–2021). Trees were exposed to three different light treatments: maximal shading all day ‘AV max’, morning shading ‘AV morning’, and afternoon shading ‘AV afternoon’. Results were compared with control trees ‘C’. Shading did not modify fruit maturity and therefore harvest date. AV max reduced dry matter content (24