Expectations about presence enhance the influence of content-specific expectations on low-level orientation judgements

Will something appear and if so, what will it be? Perceptual expectations can concern both the presence and content of a stimulus. However, it is unclear how these different types of expectations interact with each other in biasing perception. Here, we tested how expectations about stimulus presence and content differently affect perceptual inference. Across separate online discovery (N=110) and replication samples (N=218), participants were asked to judge both the presence and content (orientation) of noisy grating stimuli. Crucially, preceding compound cues simultaneously and orthogonally predicted both whether a grating was likely to appear as well as what its orientation would be. We found that expectations of presence interacted with expectations of content, such that the latter effect on discrimination was larger when a stimulus was expected to appear than when it was not. This interaction was observed both when a grating was truly presented and when participants falsely perceived one. Confidence in having seen a grating on the other hand was independently affected by presence and content expectations. Further, modelling revealed higher sensitivity in distinguishing between grating presence and absence following absence cues than presence cues, demonstrating an asymmetry between gathering evidence in favour of stimulus presence and absence. Finally, evidence for overweighted predictions being associated with hallucination-like perception was inconclusive. In sum, our results provide nuance to popular predictive processing accounts of perception by showing that expectations of presence and content have distinct but interacting roles in shaping conscious perception. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.