Spatial Association Networks Reveal the Biological Communities of the Tibetan Macaque ( Macaca thibetana ) in Sichuan, China

Conservation is a major topic in primatology. In addition to focusing on individual species, the protection of interaction networks is key to conservation success, but difficulties in identifying these networks hinder research. We hope to inspire research in primate conservation through network analysis. We illustrate an approach for studying species networks using data for Tibetan macaques ( Macaca thibetana ) in three national nature reserves in Sichuan Province, China: Wolong, Tangjiahe, and Heizhugou. With data on species presence/absence from 185 cameras each continuously working for >12 months, we used the Phi coefficient r ø to identify spatial association networks between species and the Lambda statistic L B to test the properties of the associations. We identified four networks across the reserves. Tibetan macaques were associated with four terrestrial/semi-arboreal bird and mammal species in Wolong and nine species in Tangjiahe, but only two species in Heizhugou. Macaques formed symmetrical associations, suggesting competition, unidirectional asymmetrical associations, suggesting commensalism, and bidirectional asymmetrical associations, suggesting mutualism. The macaque’s community environment may be predation-free. Commensal and mutualistic interactions with Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ) and three other species may enhance the ecological fitness of Tibetan macaques in Tangjiahe over that in Wolong and conservation investment for the macaque in Tangjiahe may benefit more species than that in Wolong. Asymmetrical associations may facilitate the ecological restoration of the degraded community in Heizhugou. Our approach may provide a sensitive method for ecological monitoring for conservation management, and facilitate primate community ecological research.