A biodegradable microgrooved and tissue mechanocompatible citrate-based scaffold improves bladder tissue regeneration

Chronic bladder dysfunction due to bladder disease or trauma is detrimental to affected patients as it can lead to increased risk of upper urinary tract dysfunction. Current treatment options include surgical interventions that enlarge the bladder with autologous bowel tissue to alleviate pressure on the upper urinary tract. This highly invasive procedure, termed bladder augmentation enterocystoplasty (BAE), significantly increases the risk of patient morbidity and mortality due to the incompatibility between the bowel and bladder tissue. Therefore, patients would significantly benefit from an alternative treatment strategy that can regenerate healthy tissue and restore overall bladder function. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of citrate-based scaffolds co-seeded with bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells as an alternative graft for bladder augmentation. Recognizing that contact guidance can potentially influence tissue regeneration, we hypothesized that patterned scaffolds would modulate cell responses and improve overall quality of the regenerated bladder tissue. We fabricated microgrooved (MG) scaffolds using the citrate-based biomaterial poly(1,8-octamethylene-citrate- co- octanol) (POCO) and co-seeded them with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Microgrooved POCO scaffolds supported MSC and HSPC attachment, and MSC alignment within the microgrooves. All scaffolds were characterized and assessed for bladder tissue regeneration in an established nude rat bladder augmentation model. In all cases, normal physiological function was maintained post-augmentation, even without the presence of stem/progenitor cells. Urodynamic testing at 4-weeks post-augmentation for all experimental groups demonstrated that bladder capacity increased and bladder compliance was normal. Histological evaluation of the regenerated tissue revealed that cell-seeded scaffolds restored normal bladder smooth muscle content and resulted in increased revascularization and peripheral nerve regeneration. The presence of microgrooves on the cell-seeded scaffolds increased microvasculature formation by 20% and urothelium layer thickness by 25% in the regenerating tissue. Thus, this work demonstrates that micropatterning affects bladder regeneration to improve overall anatomical structure and re-establish bladder physiology. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.