Navigating prospects and challenges for green fuels for achieving economical, environmental and ecological resilience: a scientific review

This review explores the potential of green fuels, derived from biological sources, as a viable replacement for conventional fossil fuels. Green fuels offer significant environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air and water quality, and decreased carbon output. Extensive research and development efforts are underway to enhance their efficiency and performance. The review critically assesses the feasibility of adopting green fuels as a key driver for environmental sustainability and economic growth. It examines the use of green fuels, highlights their advantages over fossil fuels, and delves into the global landscape of green fuel production. Additionally, it explores the challenges hindering their worldwide integration and commercialization. Based on a synthesis of existing literature, the review reveals a clear upward trend in global green fuel production over the past two decades. The primary types of green fuels, including biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, and bio-butanol, offer promising economic opportunities for rural communities, reduced reliance on finite fossil fuels, and diverse economic benefits. The development and utilization of sustainable green fuels are crucial for mitigating environmental degradation and fostering a sustainable economy. The review emphasizes the need for collaboration between government, academia, and industry to accelerate research and development efforts in this crucial area.