Infilled lakes (Pampas) of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: Inventory, sediment storage, and paleo outbursts

Infilled lakes are a prevalent geomorphic feature in the intricate high mountain landscape of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Despite their apparent geomorphic, hydrological, and ecological importance, a systematic inventory of these areas has been lacking. This study presents an inventory of infilled lakes in the Cordillera Blanca. A total of 962 infilled lake polygons have been manually mapped, covering an area of nearly 90 km(2) (the area of individual mapped polygons ranges from 0.001 km(2) to 1.760 km(2)), more than double the area of existing lakes (40 km(2)) and the majority of flat areas (62% of areas with slope <= 5 degrees). The study reveals that infilled bedrock-dammed lakes are the most common type (42%), while moraine-dammed lakes account for the majority of the infilled lake area (52%) and sediment volume (52% to 57%). Considering high uncertainty of infilled basins' morphology, the estimated sediment volume of infilled lakes ranges between 0.9 km(3) and 2.3 km(3) (compared to 0.79 km(3) to 1.15 km(3) of water stored in existing lakes). The case study of Lake Aguascocha catchment reveals a mean sediment yield of 0.64 to 1.63 center dot 10(6) m(3)center dot km(-2) during the past 10.7 +/- 0.3 ka, that is, a mean annual sediment yield of 58.5 to 156.4 m(3)center dot km(-2)center dot yr(-1). Furthermore, 65 locations where preserved geomorphic evidence indicates possible outburst floods in the past are identified. These areas are particularly important for understanding patterns of lake outburst occurrence on longer timescales than traditionally considered in lake outburst flood hazard studies. The dataset presented in this study is intended to serve as a basis for identifying sites suitable for further site-specific paleo-geographical, sedimentological, geochronological as well as broader mountain landscape evolution studies.