Arbitrary Programming of Racetrack Resonators Using Low-Loss Phase-Change Material Sb₂Se₃

The programmable photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is an enabling technology behind optical interconnects and quantum information processing. Conventionally, the programmability of PICs is driven by the thermo-optic effect, free carrier dispersion, or mechanical tuning. These effects afford either high speed or a large extinction ratio, but all require constant power or bias to maintain the states, which is undesirable for programmability with infrequent switching. Recent progress in programmable PICs based on nonvolatile phase-change materials (PCMs) offers an attractive solution to a truly "set-and-forget" switch that requires zero static energy. Here, we report an essential building block of large-scale programmable PICs & horbar;a racetrack resonator with independent control of coupling and phase. We changed the resonance extinction ratio (ER) without perturbing the resonance wavelength, leveraging a programmable unit based on a directional coupler and a low-loss PCM Sb2Se3. The unit is only 33-mu m-long and has an operating bandwidth over 50 nm, a low insertion loss (similar to 0.36 dB), high ER (similar to 15 dB), and excellent fabrication yield of over 1000 cycles endurance across nine switches. The work is a crucial step toward future large-scale energy-efficient programmable PICs.