Anopheles gambiae s.s. resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in semi-urban and rural areas of the Moyen-Ogooue Province, Gabon

Background Pyrethroids are the main insecticides used in vector control for malaria. However, their extensive use in the impregnation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying has led to the development of resistance, threatening its success as a tool for malaria control. Baseline data prior to large scale distribution of LLINs are important for the implementation of efficient strategies. However, no data on the susceptibility of malaria vectors is available in the Moyen-Ogooue Province in Gabon. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility to pyrethroids and organochlorides of malaria vectors from a semi-urban and rural areas of the province and to determine the frequency of insecticide resistance genes.Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in Lambarene and Zile and reared to adults. Three to five-day old female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes were used in cone tube assays following the WHO susceptibility tests protocol for adult mosquitoes. A subsample was molecularly identified using the SINE200 protocol and the frequency of Vgsc-1014 F and - 1014 S mutations were determined.Results Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the sole species present in both Lambarene and Zile. Mosquito populations from the two areas were resistant to pyrethroids and organochlorides. Resistance was more pronounced for permethrin and DDT with mortality lower than 7% for both insecticides in the two study areas. Mosquitoes were statistically more resistant (P < 0.0001) to deltamethrin in Lambarene (51%) compared to Zile (76%). All the mosquitoes tested were heterozygous or homozygous for the knockdown resistance (Kdr) mutations Vgsc-L1014F and Vgsc-L1014S with a higher proportion of Vgsc-L1014F homozygous in Lambarene (76.7%) compared to Zile (57.1%).Conclusion This study provides evidence of widespread resistance to pyrethroids in An. gambiae s.s., the main malaria vector in the Moyen-Ogooue Province. Further investigation of the mechanisms underlining the resistance of An. gambiae s.s. to pyrethroids is needed to implement appropriate insecticide resistance management strategies.