ENSO-related East Asian climate transition at-3600 BP and its implications for the rise of pastoralism in North China

A transition from cereal-based agriculture to pastoralism in North China occurred around 3600 cal yr B.P., and corresponded to Northern Hemisphere cooling and the onset of an arid climate over North China. In this paper, we investigate the mechanisms for the -3600 cal yr B.P. climate transition that may have triggered this change in Chinese civilization based on a compilation of 33 high-resolution paleoclimate records spanning the 4000-3000 cal yr B.P. interval. Results show that North and South China experienced a meridional dipole pattern of the climate change. From 4000 to 3600 cal yr B.P., the region north of 30 degrees N was wet and the region south of 30 degrees N was dry, then from 3600 to 3000 cal yr B.P., the pattern reversed with a drier north and a wetter south. We found that this climate transition was related to the onset of a more El Nin similar to o-like state in the tropical Pacific Ocean after -3600 cal yr B.P., which resulted in more precipitation in South China but less precipitation in North China. Climate in the marginal monsoon areas of North China deteriorated, becoming more cold and arid, and pastoralism replaced cereal agriculture as the dominant mode of subsistence. Our study highlights the important role of the paleo-El Nin similar to o-Southern Oscillation (paleo-ENSO) for the evolution of civilization in China.