Chemical-Stabilized Aldehyde-Tuned Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Long-Cycle and High-Rate Sodium-Ion Organic Batteries

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are considered as potential choice for future energy storage systems due to their adjustable chemistry, environment friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, structurally stabilized and aldehyde-tuned hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs-8) are designed and prepared to contain arrayed electronegative sites for sodium-ion storage. Benefitting from the flexible hydrogen bond and unique structural symmetry, HOFs-8 can achieve efficient utilization of the active sites and fast transport of sodium ions and electrons. The HOFs-8 electrode exhibits an impressive lifespan of 5000 cycles at 3.66 A g-1 (20 C). In situ Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (in situ FT-IR) and ex situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ex situ XPS) analyses are performed to illustrate the mechanism of sodium-ion storage involving aldehyde-tuned CO. Additionally, flexible hydrogen bonds in HOFs materials with unique structural symmetries are investigated to elucidate the mechanism of hydrogen bonding for improving their electrochemical properties. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations verified that HOFs-8 has excellent Na+ diffusion kinetics, enabling it to demonstrate outstanding rate capability. This work offers insight into the design of new electrodes and improved HOFs, which are expected to have tremendous potential in energy storage systems. The Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs-8) with CO side groups are designed for sodium organic batteries. Benefitted from the flexible hydrogen bond and unique structural symmetric, the HOFs-8 can achieve efficient utilization of the active site and fast transport of sodium-ion and electrons. The emergence of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks will enable tremendous opportunities for energy storage.image