Melatonin alleviates T-2 toxin-induced oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in piglet spleen and thymus

T-2 toxin, an unavoidable contaminant in animal feeds, can induce oxidative stress and damage immune organs. Melatonin (MT), a natural and potent antioxidant, has shown promise as a detoxifier for various mycotoxins. However, the detoxifying effect of MT on T-2 toxin has not been previously reported. In order to investigate the protective effect of MT added to diets on the immune system of T-2 toxin-exposed piglets, twenty piglets weaned at 28d of age were randomly divided into control, T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg), MT (5 mg/kg), and T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) + MT (5 mg/kg) groups(n = 5 per group). Our results demonstrated that MT mitigated T-2 toxin-induced histoarchitectural alterations in the spleen and thymus, such as hemorrhage, decreased white pulp size in the spleen, and medullary cell sparing in the thymus. Further research revealed that MT promoted the expression of Nrf2 and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, while reducing the production of the lipid peroxidation product MDA. Moreover, MT inhibited the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, regulated the expression of downstream cytokines IL-1 beta, IL -6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta 1. MT also suppressed the activation of caspase-3 while down-regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 to reduce apoptosis. Additionally, MT ameliorated the T-2 toxin-induced disorders of immune cells and immune molecules in the blood. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MT may effectively protect the immune system of piglets against T-2 toxin-induced damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in the spleen and thymus. Therefore, MT holds the potential as an antidote for T-2 toxin poisoning.